Humberstone and santa laura

Humberstone and Santa Laura works contain over 200 former saltpeter works where workers from Chile, Peru and Bolivia lived in company towns and forged a distinctive communal culture pampinos. That culture manifest in their rich language, creativity, and solidarity, and, above all, in their pioneering struggle for social justice, which have a major impact on the history sosial.Terletak in the remote Pampas, one of the driest desert on Earth, thousands of lives pampinos and work in a hostile environment for over 60 years, from 1880, to process the largest deposit of saltpeter in the world, producing the fertilizer sodium nitrate to convert agricultural land in North and South America, and in Europe, and produce great wealth for Chile . Because the vulnerability of structures and the impact the recent earthquake, the site was also placed on the List of World Heritage in Danger to help mobilize resources for conservation.

Criterion (ii): The development of saltpeter industry reflects the combined knowledge, skills, technology, and financial investment from a diverse community of people brought together from all over South America, and from Europe. Saltpeter industry became a large complex of cultural exchange in which ideas quickly absorbed and exploited. The two works represent this process.Criterion (iii): saltpeter mines and the towns they are related to the company developed into a large urban community and is very different with its own language, organization, customs, and creative expression, as well as displaying technical entrepreneurship. Two nominated works represent a distinctive culture.Criterion (iv): This saltpeter mine in northern Chile together became the largest producer of natural saltpeter in the world, transforming the Pampa and indirectly benefited from the agricultural land which the work produced fertilizers. Two works represent the transformation process.
The development of saltpeter industry reflects the combined knowledge, skills, technology, and financial investment from a diverse community of people brought together from all over South America and from Europe. Saltpeter industry became a large complex of cultural exchange in which ideas quickly absorbed and exploited. The two works represent this process. Saltpeter mines and cities associated company developed into a large urban community and is very different with its own language, organization, customs and creative expression, as well as displaying technical entrepreneurship. Saltpeter mine in northern Chile together became the largest producers of natural saltpeter in the world, transforming the Pampa and indirectly benefited from the agricultural land which the work produced fertilizers. Two works represent the process of cultural transformation and the resulting characteristic.The two abandoned saltpeter works located at Pampa Tamarugal and 1.5 km apart, separated by Route A16. Saltpeter (sodium nitrate) deposits are found in arid, desert Altiplano at the northern tip of Chile, in Tarapacá and Antofagasta regions - Pampa, which is one of the driest deserts in the world with almost no annual rainfall, and large temperature differences between day and night . Pampa porous filter water down from the Andes Mountains. Ridge near the beach, the water formed a small lake in the impermeable granite-like rocks, giving rise to 'salt pan' as a result of evaporation of water, and 'burping' bed in the gap between hard and soft rocks.Saltpeter mining begins at the foot of the eastern edge of the Coastal Range, the first for manufacturing explosives and then more profitable as a fertilizer is exported to all over the world. Opposing extremes of climate, 200 worked for saltpeter mines and processes, with the towns to house workers and trains to transport the powder to the beach, set up in an intensive period of about 50 years from 1880. Level of deposits and high grade and thickness of blood vessels to burp changed Pampa main producer of natural nitrates in the world. During the 1920s, competition from synthetic nitrates in Europe led to the closure of many works and 1933 most of the industry has come to a stop almost complete. The Humberstone and Santa Laura works belching two who has managed to survive some of the asset stripping that followed the decline in nitrate industry. None of the buildings now used apart from a few bathrooms that have been restored to the use of visitors and reception hall.Together they represent the technical and social systems that create great wealth and prosperity for some and difficult for others to live communally. The Pampinos, those who lived in Pampa, is now seen as a forerunner in the social struggle for better working conditions, and their distinctive culture and creative celebrated in print and film.Sources: UNESCO / CLT / WHC

From the pre-Hispanic times customary in the area, Atacamenos and Inca, nitrate used as fertilizer, excavation and grinding saltpeter and spread on fields.The first European to be used for saltpeter explosives. Minerals are mined and shipped on donkeys to Lima to be processed into powder mesiu.Kenaikan demand for explosives in the late 18th century led to the exploration of new fields in northern Chile and the discovery of a layer of Tarapaca. At around the same time, a German scientist, Thadeus Haencke, find ways to produce potassium nitrate. Saltpeter works of the first opened in 1810. This is a small-scale individual operators that are extracted and crushed material by hand, simply boiled in vats and left it in the sun to evaporate. The first shipment was made to the United Kingdom in the 1820s and into the United States and France in 1830, all for use in explosives.Fertilising properties are found in Europe in the 1830s and demand began to rebound due to the production of cereals began to spread to the beautiful land in the United States, Argentina and Russia. Fertilizers are also beginning to be used for drinking coffee in Brazil, sugar in Cuba and the Dominican Republic. Chile became the world's major producer of natural nitrates. What changed the scale and scope of work is a new processing technique developed by Pedro Gamboni Chile in 1853 to dissolve the saltpeter. These owners are encouraged to install fixed equipment: boilers, troughs etc and expand the house for workers. The second factor is the improvement of transport: train to arrive in the second half of the 19th century, transportation to the beach on a horse a donkey load limit industrial scale. Train fire spread rapidly, funded by private investment: by 1905 there are 1787 km track and in 1913, 5,000 miles.In 1879 the so-called War saltpeter involving Chile, Bolivia and Peru (which supports Bolivia) gave Chile the industry dominance. After encouraging European investment and this in turn acts as a trigger a surge in the nation's economy. With saltpeter 1890 accounted for 50% of total revenues; in 1913 80% of all exports.First World War brought terrible consequences for manufacturers burp. Sea routes became unsafe and Germany, one of the largest importers, began developing his own saltpeter based synthetic ammonia. However, as European investors retreat, increased participation of Chile. However, demand continues to decline and although the rearrangement, the creation of Chile saltpeter Company (COSACH) is divided between state and private investors, and new production system, which allows the use of low grade ore, the market did not improve and COSACH already ditutup.Dengan 1930 only 10% ofnitrate in the world comes from Chile and this has dropped to 3% in 1950. COSACH's successor, COSATAN, which has a monopoly of saltpetre, lasted until 1961. Peru Nitrate Company built works saltpeter Humberstone, originally known as La Palma, in 1862. Until 1889, it was one of the largest mines in nitre-Tarapacá zone with about 3,000 penduduk.Dengan economic crisis affecting all of the production of sodium nitrate, La Palma is closed will reopen in 1933 under the ownership COSACH and bearing a name with a known current , saltpeter works Humberstone, Humberstone in honor of chemical engineers. Between 1933 and 1940 the operation expanded, new buildings are built around the Market Square and the population reached 3,700 people.Work Santa Laura, built ten years after Humberstone in 1872 by the Company 'Barra Risco y', is smaller and only 450 families in 1920. After facing a crisis in a row, also taken over by COSATAN.In 1959 COSATAN were injured and two papers eventually closed. The works are auctioned in 1961. Both were bought by the same individual for scrap. In order to avoid them destroyed, properties declared a national monument in 1970. It's not drastic enough to stop the damage, burglary and vandalism and some demolition.After the owner went bankrupt, in 1995 the properties were under the control of the 'Ministerio de Bienes Nacionales' (Ministry of National Assets) and they have assigned them for a period of thirty years to the Museum of saltpeter Corporation, a non-profit organization, which has taken over management.Sources: Evaluation Advisory Body

Samarra archaeological city one of the proofs of religious civilization of Islam

Evidence of the religion of Islam spread civilization with an area of ​​one of them in the presence of Samarra archaeological city, this site needs to be maintained properly keaslianya, so as to give civilization that occurred at that time.

Samarra Archaeological City is the site of a powerful Islamic capital city which ruled over the province of the Abbasid Empire extending from Tunisia to Central Asia for a century. Located on both sides of the River Tigris 130 km north of Baghdad, the length of the site from north to south is 41.5 km, width varies from 8 km to 4 km. This proves the architectural and artistic innovations that developed there and spread to other areas of the Islamic world and beyond. Great Mosque of the 9th century and spiral towers that are among the many remarkable architectural monuments of the site, 80% of which remains to be explored.

The ancient capital of Samarra dating 836-892 provides outstanding evidence of the Abbasid Caliphate, which is the main period of the Islamic empire, stretching from Tunisia to Central Asia. This is the only Islamic capital that retains surviving the initial plan, architecture and art, such as mosaics and carvings. Samarra has the best preserved plan of an ancient city, which was left relatively early and avoid the constant rebuilding of the city lasted longer.
Samarra was the second capital of the Abbasid Caliphate after Baghdad. After the loss of monuments of Baghdad, Samarra was the only physical trace of the Caliphate at its peak.
The city maintains two of the largest mosque (Al-Malwiya and Abu Dulaf) and the tower of the most unusual, and the biggest palaces in the world of Islam (Caliphate Palace Qasr al-Khalifa, Al-Ja'fari, Al-Ma 'shuq, and others- other). Carved stucco known as the Samarra style was developed there and spread to other parts of the Islamic world at that time. A new type of ceramic known as Lustre Ware was also developed in Samarra, imitating equipment made from precious metals like gold and silver.
Criterion (ii): Samarra is a distinguished architectural stage in the Abbasid period based on the mosques, construction, road and basin planning, architectural decoration, and industrial ceramics.
Criterion (iii): Samarra is the best preserved examples of architecture and urban planning Abbasid Caliphate, stretching from Tunisia to Central Asia, and one of the world's great strength in this period. Physical remnants of this empire are usually poorly preserved because they are often built of brick and reusable bricks were not fired.
Criterion (iv): The buildings of Samarra is a new artistic concept in Islamic architecture at Abu Dulaf Malwiya and mosques, in the form of a unique example in capacity, planning and construction of Islamic mosques compared with those who preceded and succeeded it. In large dimensions and unique minarets, mosques show pride and political power and religion in accordance with the strength and pride of the empire at that time.
Since the war in Iraq began in 2003, this property has been occupied by multi-national forces that use it as a theater for military operations.
Conditions of integrity and authenticity seems to have been met, with the evaluation as far as possible without the technical assessment mission. Once abandoned by the Caliphate, occupation in some areas near the core of the modern city but most of the remaining area is left until the early 20th century. Partially preserved archaeological sites, with the losses caused primarily by plowing and cultivation, small compared with other major sites. Restoration work has been in accordance with international standards.
The boundaries of the core and buffer zones seems both realistic and adequate. Prior to the current hostilities, States Parties to protect the site from intrusion, whether agricultural or urban areas, under the Act of Archaeology. Protective procedure has been suspended since 2003 and a major risk to property arising from the inability of the responsible authorities to exercise control over the management and conservation of the site.